王公明 发表于 2012-8-24 11:12:25

为什么我敢斥责多玛斯阿奎那?

本帖最后由 王公明 于 2012-8-24 14:22 编辑

我在给朋友的回帖中,常会提到多玛斯阿奎那,常因他的问题发生节外生枝,所以,我想专门出个帖子,来说明原委。
多玛斯所师承的是亚里士多德的套路,是要以理性去求得信仰,换句话说就是对立于圣奥斯丁的“以天主为中心”,变为“以人为中心”,而与之前的天主教圣传一刀两断,割裂了与源头的关系,圣经说:“不可让那甘愿自卑而敬拜天使的人,夺去你们的奖品,这种人只探究所见的幻象,因自己的血肉之见,妄自尊大,而不与头相连接;其实由于头,全身才能赖关节和脉络获得滋养而互相连结,借天主所赐的生长力而生长。”(哥2:18--19)这是我们天主教最大的改变,与天主为中心或是以人为中心,是可以调和的吗?而离开了圣经只尊崇“另一部福音”的人们,会把信仰带向何方?
感谢天主,在那个对圣母特别热爱的白袍教宗之后,我们迎来了本笃十六世,这是一个以天主为中心的基督在世代表,为什么这么说呢?在《忠仆》116期第16页,记述了一位来自象牙海岸的神父向本笃教宗提问关于“神学错位”的问题,说:“有时候,神学好像并没有把天主置于中心,没有把耶稣基督放在‘神学首位’而是撒播了各种品味和倾向,其结果就是繁殖了一些暗示性的观点,好像允许在教会中引进非天主教的思想,我们怎样才能在自己的生活和牧职中目标清晰,特别,当世界在判断我们的信仰,而不是我们在判断世界时,我们感到自己已分不清方向了!”
对此提问,本笃十六世说:“谢谢你,你触及了一个极为困难而又令人痛苦的问题。确实,现在存在着一种首先从学术上加以探索的神学,探索科学上的显现而忘记了重大的事实,即忘记了天主的临在,他临在于我们中间,他今天对我们说话,并不只在过去对我们说话。圣文都拉在他的时代已为我们区分了神学的两种形式。他说:‘有两种神学,其一是出自理性的骄傲,它寻求支配一切,把天主的主体转至为我们所研究的客体对象,而天主应该是向我们说话,指引我们的主体”
教宗所说的神学在指着谁说的,而文都拉就是与多玛斯同时代,又同在巴黎大学讲课,并与多玛斯的唯物主义的亚里士多德哲学做殊死搏斗的奥斯丁主义者,他博斗并战胜了多玛斯,但却为喜爱亚里士多德哲学的教宗所不容。
而在多玛斯主宰了天主教的导向后,带来的是什么呢?就是文艺复兴,就是坐在伯多禄的宝座上的,却不能光荣宝座,竟挖空心思的用“赎罪券”巧取豪夺,玷污了圣经对我们的教导,而罪魁祸首就是多玛斯的神学,所以,我把多玛斯阿奎那看做是天主教历史上最大的罪人,我想在天上的,那个有了神视之后的多玛斯也会赞同的。

在水一方 发表于 2012-8-24 14:51:59

小王

你在它出说到:
1.多玛斯阿奎与同在巴黎大学的圣文都拉做你死我活的斗争?
2.受到批判的多玛斯在喜欢哲学的教宗吴朋四世的力挺下,以强权压制了真理?
3.早在圣文都拉的时代就有了两种神学?

你的以上说法根据何在?尤其是1.2条很像是恶意杜撰?

在水一方 发表于 2012-8-24 14:59:40

小王

你在它处说到:http://bbs.chinacath.org/thread-13008-5-1.html
1.多玛斯阿奎与同在巴黎大学的圣文都拉做你死我活的斗争?
2.受到批判的多玛斯在喜欢哲学的教宗吴朋四世的力挺下,以强权压制了真理?
3.早在圣文都拉的时代就有了两种神学?

你的以上说法根据何在?尤其是1.2条很像是恶意杜撰?

andrew_wzh 发表于 2012-8-24 15:25:28

在上一个帖子其实已经回复你了,转贴过来给你参考吧:

不知道你是从哪里学得的那段历史……据我所知,在巴黎发生的是来自圣阿穆尔的威廉与圣方济各会的争端,威廉支持世俗学者排斥圣方济各会修士在巴黎大学获得高学历和担任教职,并一度占上风。而你所说的圣文德就是作为圣方济各的修士在巴黎大学就读,因此争端,他的学位被拖延授予。最后,教廷审核并采纳了阿奎纳的报告,将威廉去职调查,各修会在巴黎大学的地位才被恢复,圣文德获得学位,后来成为圣方济各修会的总会长,和阿奎纳一道名列教会的圣师。而威廉最终被逐出教会……

所以说,圣文德非但没有在巴黎大学与阿奎纳“你死我活”地“斗争”过,而且是在阿奎纳主持巴黎大学后才获得认可和教职。

至于圣奥思定与圣多玛斯的神学,区别在于圣奥思定推崇新柏拉图主义,而阿奎纳赞赏亚里士多德。在早期,圣奥思定学派确实曾将亚里士多德派贬为异端(此时阿奎纳已蒙召升天),然而在阿奎纳身后50年,教会终于接受阿奎纳的理论,并广为教导和传播。你可以翻读阿奎纳的《神学大全》,圣多玛斯无数次引用圣奥思定的语录,无一处不显示自己的谦逊和对圣奥思定的崇敬。不知“二种神学”和“以强权压制了真理”的说法从何而来?

新教从教会分离出去之后,圣奥思定会也分裂成二部分,一部分支持新教,一部分留在天主教会。而新教历史中也确有一些人,始终从各方面攻击教会,或许这是“二种神学”和“以强权压制了真理”的来历?

真理就是真理,不会有一种真理相反于“另一种”真理的。无论是圣奥思定,还是圣多玛斯抑或是其他圣人揭示的真理,都好好地留存在教会的思想宝库之中,这就是天主的恩宠阿。

花儿为什么这样 发表于 2012-8-24 15:33:37

仿佛听到主耶稣在为我们唱一首世俗歌:“
我只想要一颗纯净的心
象是一颗远离尘世的水晶
但爱恨纠缠无法清醒
早已失去最初的原型
。”

花儿为什么这样 发表于 2012-8-24 15:35:53

我们都要依靠圣母,好好听主的话,让天主相信我们的爱不是浮光掠影。

andrew_wzh 发表于 2012-8-24 15:45:40

我很疑惑,在几任教宗都是基督教民主主义者(托马斯主义者)、教理几乎全为《神学大全》所涵盖的教会,怎么会有人把圣师看作罪人?读教宗本笃十六世的通谕,也分明浸透了圣多玛斯的思想,呼吁信徒们担当起社会责任“在真理中实践爱德”,哪有批评圣师的言论?楼主是不是读了国内什么断章取意的文字吧?

要知道,即便是新教徒,今天也不会批判圣多玛斯,因为他的许多教导早已在教会之外传播,成为人们的基本价值观了。

andrew_wzh 发表于 2012-8-24 15:54:02

原来是爱国会办的杂志……楼主,清醒吧……

andrew_wzh 发表于 2012-8-24 15:56:32

楼主,你要学习可以看这里{:soso_e163:}

http://www.vatican.va/chinese/index.html

dominus 发表于 2012-8-24 16:01:33

andrew_wzh 发表于 2012-8-24 15:45 static/image/common/back.gif
我很疑惑,在几任教宗都是基督教民主主义者(托马斯主义者)、教理几乎全为《神学大全》所涵盖的教会,怎幺 ...

王公明带着敌视神学,高扬圣经的态度研读资料,自然会从那些模棱两可的字句中“推测”出符合他自己心态的东西。
所原教旨主义的王公明先生所解释的圣经,也只是符合他个人的意思而已。丝毫没有照顾圣经整个的传承,更没有从教会信仰的宝库中去汲取营养,因为这在他看来是无益的,不如直接读圣经的好。
“以人为本”的神学其本身并没有什幺错误,比如,为拉内而言,人学就是神学,神学就是人学。脱离了人学去谈神学简直就是天方夜谭,而脱离了神学谈人学就失去了人学的基础。这两者是相互辉映的,而不是对立的。
真正的失误在于:只谈神学,或者只谈人学。

王公明 发表于 2012-8-24 16:03:16

花儿为什么这样 发表于 2012-8-24 15:35 static/image/common/back.gif
我们都要依靠圣母,好好听主的话,让天主相信我们的爱不是浮光掠影。

你的歌唱得真好,多读圣经,读前先做祈祷:“主啊,我不认识你,但我愿意认识你,求你让我能够认识你”让圣神引导你进入真理。

dominus 发表于 2012-8-24 16:09:22

“教宗所说的神学在指着谁说的,而文都拉就是与多玛斯同时代,又同在巴黎大学讲课,并与多玛斯的唯物主义的亚里士多德哲学做殊死搏斗的奥斯丁主义者,他博斗并战胜了多玛斯,但却为喜爱亚里士多德哲学的教宗所不容。
而在多玛斯主宰了天主教的导向后,带来的是什幺呢?就是文艺复兴,就是坐在伯多禄的宝座上的,却不能光荣宝座,竟挖空心思的用“赎罪券”巧取豪夺,玷污了圣经对我们的教导,而罪魁祸首就是多玛斯的神学,所以,我把多玛斯阿奎那看做是天主教历史上最大的罪人,我想在天上的,那个有了神视之后的多玛斯也会赞同的。”
这些话基本上都是从新教攻击天主教的资料里套过来的,楼主的思维真是让人感到惊奇。
按照楼主的思维,是不是现在一些神职人员的性丑闻也是多玛斯神学引起的呢?

andrew_wzh 发表于 2012-8-24 16:36:06

找到教宗本篤十六世比较圣多玛斯和圣文德的原始讲话,全文如下:

St Bonaventure & St Thomas Aquinas
Pope Benedict XVI
Love sees further than reason

On Wednesday, 17 March , at the General Audience, held for the first time this year in St Peter's Square, the Holy Father spoke on St Bonaventure, a contemporary of St Thomas Aquinas and a great master of prayer for the third time. The following is a translation of the Pope's Catechesis, which was given in Italian.

Dear Brothers and Sisters,

This morning, continuing last Wednesday's reflection, I would like to study with you some other aspects of the doctrine of St Bonaventure of Bagnoregio. He is an eminent theologian who deserves to be set beside another great thinker, a contemporary of his, St Thomas Aquinas. Both scrutinized the mysteries of Revelation, making the most of the resources of human reason, in the fruitful dialogue between faith and reason that characterized the Christian Middle Ages, making it a time of great intellectual vigour, as well as of faith and ecclesial renewal, which is often not sufficiently emphasized.

Other similarities link them: Both Bonaventure, a Franciscan, and Thomas, a Dominican, belonged to the Mendicant Orders which, with their spiritual freshness, as I mentioned in previous Catecheses, renewed the whole Church in the 13th century and attracted many followers. They both served the Church with diligence, passion and love, to the point that they were invited to take part in the Ecumenical Council of Lyons in 1274, the very same year in which they died; Thomas while he was on his way to Lyons, Bonaventure while the Council was taking place.

Even the statues of the two Saints in St Peter's Square are parallel. They stand right at the beginning of the colonnade, starting from the facade of the Vatican Basilica; one is on the left wing and the other on the right. Despite all these aspects, in these two great Saints we can discern two different approaches to philosophical and theological research which show the originality and depth of the thinking of each. I would like to point out some of their differences.

A first difference concerns the concept of theology. Both doctors wondered whether theology was a practical or a theoretical and speculative science. St Thomas reflects on two possible contrasting answers. The first says: theology is a reflection on faith and the purpose of faith is that the human being become good and live in accordance with God's will. Hence the aim of theology would be to guide people on the right, good road; thus it is basically a practical science.

The other position says: theology seeks to know God. We are the work of God; God is above our action. God works right action in us; so it essentially concerns not our own doing but knowing God, not our own actions. St Thomas' conclusion is: theology entails both aspects: it is theoretical, it seeks to know God ever better, and it is practical: it seeks to orient our life to the good. But there is a primacy of knowledge: above all we must know God and then continue to act in accordance with God (Summa Theologiae, Ia, q. 1, art. 4).

This primacy of knowledge in comparison with practice is significant to St Thomas' fundamental orientation.

St Bonaventure's answer is very similar but the stress he gives is different. St Bonaventure knows the same arguments for both directions, as does St Thomas, but in answer to the question as to whether theology was a practical or a theoretical science, St Bonaventure makes a triple distinction — he therefore extends the alternative between the theoretical (the primacy of knowledge) and the practical (the primacy of practice), adding a third attitude which he calls "sapiential" and affirming that wisdom embraces both aspects.

And he continues: wisdom seeks contemplation (as the highest form of knowledge), and has as its intention "ut boni fiamus" — that we become good, especially this: to become good (cf. Breviloquium, Prologus, 5). He then adds: "faith is in the intellect, in such a way that it provokes affection. For example: the knowledge that Christ died 'for us' does not remain knowledge but necessarily becomes affection, love (Proemium in I Sent., q. 3).

His defence of theology is along the same lines, namely, of the rational and methodical reflection on faith. St Bonaventure lists several arguments against engaging in theology — perhaps also widespread among a section of the Franciscan friars and also present in our time: that reason would empty faith, that it would be an aggressive attitude to the word of God, that we should listen and not analyze the word of God (cf. Letter of St Francis of Assisi to St Anthony of Padua).

The Saint responds to these arguments against theology that demonstrate the perils that exist in theology itself saying: it is true that there is an arrogant manner of engaging in theology, a pride of reason that sets itself above the word of God. Yet real theology, the rational work of the true and good theology has another origin, not the pride of reason. One who loves wants to know his beloved better and better; true theology does not involve reason and its research prompted by pride, "sed propter amorem eius cui assentit — motivated by love of the One who gave his consent" (Proemium in I Sent., q. 2) and wants to be better acquainted with the beloved: this is the fundamental intention of theology. Thus in the end, for St Bonaventure, the primacy of love is crucial.

Consequently St Thomas and St Bonaventure define the human being's final goal, his complete happiness in different ways. For St Thomas the supreme end, to which our desire is directed is: to see God. In this simple act of seeing God all problems are solved: we are happy, nothing else is necessary.

Instead, for St Bonaventure the ultimate destiny of the human being is to love God, to encounter him and to be united in his and our love. For him this is the most satisfactory definition of our happiness.

Along these lines we could also say that the loftiest category for St Thomas is the true, whereas for St Bonaventure it is the good. It would be mistaken to see a contradiction in these two answers. For both of them the true is also the good, and the good is also the true; to see God is to love and to love is to see. Hence it was a question of their different interpretation of a fundamentally shared vision. Both emphases have given shape to different traditions and different spiritualities and have thus shown the fruitfulness of the faith: one, in the diversity of its expressions.

……http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/b16ChrstChrch109.HTM

王公明 发表于 2012-8-24 16:49:12

本帖最后由 王公明 于 2012-8-24 17:29 编辑

andrew_wzh 发表于 2012-8-24 15:45 http://bbs.chinacath.org/static/image/common/back.gif
我很疑惑,在几任教宗都是基督教民主主义者(托马斯主义者)、教理几乎全为《神学大全》所涵盖的教会,怎么 ...

多玛斯的《神学大全》,在我的眼里和他自己眼里都是“稻草”,没有丝毫价值,圣经说:“主!惟你有永生的话,我们去投奔谁呢?”(若6:68)又说:“他们离弃了我这活水的泉源,却给自己掘了蓄水池,不能蓄水的漏水池。”(耶2:13),又说:“我真奇怪,你们竟这样快离开了那以基督的恩宠召叫你们的天主,而归向了另一福音;其实,并没有别的福音,只是有一些人扰乱你们,企图改变基督的福音而已。但是,无论谁,即使是我们,或是从天上降下的一位天使,若给你们宣讲的福音,与我们给你们所宣讲的福音不同,当受诅咒。我们以前说过,如今我再说:谁若给你们宣讲福音与你们所接受的不同,当受诅咒。么,我如今是讨人的喜爱,或是讨天主的喜爱呢﹖难道我是寻求人的欢心吗﹖如果我还求人的欢心,我就不是基督的仆役。”(迦1:6--10)
我不是读了什么国内的文字,如果你看到了,请给我指引,而我看到的是《忠仆》里教宗本笃十六世回答的话,你能解释是在说谁,把以天主为中心转到以人为中心,那些神父主教都是这样承认的,你又何必羞羞答答呢?或许我真的看到了一些文字,我看他只是纯粹的就事论事的无神论,一个哲学博士,他说:“这些人为了反驳方济各修会的奥古斯丁主义者和巴黎大学的拉丁阿威罗依主义者对作为该会精神导师的圣多玛斯的指责,而撰写了《纠正歪曲多玛斯》和《维护真理、反对毁谤》等一系列为他进行辩护的小册子。”请参看http://jpkt.whu.edu.cn/jpkc2008/ ... %DB%B6%A8%CE%BB.mht,无论如何,对那些研究哲学的人,说出的他们与方济各会和奥古斯丁主义的对立。你自己分析吧。

andrew_wzh 发表于 2012-8-24 16:49:17

andrew_wzh 发表于 2012-8-24 16:36 static/image/common/back.gif
找到教宗本篤十六世比较圣多玛斯和圣文德的原始讲话,全文如下:

St Bonaventure & St Thomas Aquinas


基本的精神是:圣多玛斯与圣文德用不同的灵修方法而殊途同归!

王公明 发表于 2012-8-24 16:52:22

andrew_wzh 发表于 2012-8-24 15:54 static/image/common/back.gif
原来是爱国会办的杂志……楼主,清醒吧……

爱国会的杂志,没机会看,也不知道有没有这方面内容,你看过了,给讲讲,正的,反的都行。

王公明 发表于 2012-8-24 16:54:53

andrew_wzh 发表于 2012-8-24 16:36 static/image/common/back.gif
找到教宗本篤十六世比较圣多玛斯和圣文德的原始讲话,全文如下:

St Bonaventure & St Thomas Aquinas


你真高明,可是我看不懂,或许是《忠仆》断章取义的文字欺骗了我。不应该啊,该查一查。是在116期的第16页。

无限欢喜 发表于 2012-8-24 17:07:25

LZ实在不应该妄下判断,对于这些影响历史和人类思想进程的人,应有起码的敬畏之心,如果连托马斯的东西都没有搞清楚就上来判断,那就太草率了。
几个基本的事实:
第一,托马斯高扬人的理性,这不错,但他从来没有认为人可以与天主并列,相反,他认为人的理性可以从万事万物的个别中认识一般,达成的最高级任务就是认识到天主的存在,而且强调比认识天主存在更重要的事情是爱天主,这个要靠启示。
第二,教会什么时候才正式将托马斯哲学上升成为教会的官方哲学?不是他一死就确立了,他死后教会先谴责亚里士多德主义(当然也捎带了托马斯主义),到了十九世纪,教宗良十三才钦定托马斯哲学为“永恒智慧”,规定教会学校要教授托马斯哲学。所以教会认识托马斯哲学的合理性也是经历了一个过程,现代社会现代科技的发展,使得教会意识到承认人的理性能力的托马斯哲学实际上是滋养了现代社会的发育(尽管近代很多人以为社会现代化是反教会,反经院哲学的成果),说托马斯哲学对人类社会的现代化有贡献是真的,说他的东西要为赎罪券,教会的世俗化负责则过于牵强,别忘了他自己也是会士!
第三,当今教宗对于托马斯的态度,2011年颁布的教会哲学教育改革法令依然强调教会看重托马斯的方法和教导。

王公明 发表于 2012-8-24 17:19:26

dominus 发表于 2012-8-24 16:09 static/image/common/back.gif
“教宗所说的神学在指着谁说的,而文都拉就是与多玛斯同时代,又同在巴黎大学讲课,并与多玛斯的唯物主义的 ...

你真聪明,可是你能给我指出是从哪儿套过来的吗?求你啦,因为如果有雷同的言语,我一定回去拜访,别忘了告诉我啊,至于现在那些神职的性丑闻,你以为是从哪儿来的?从文艺复兴的保禄二世到良十世,那不是秘密,而是公开的,竟有教宗在梵蒂冈给自己的女儿(亲生的)主持婚礼,你又要说是新教的说教,把眼睁开吧,自己去了解一下我们教会客观的历史,若信仰是以天主为中心,以圣经为核心,就不会误入歧途,而那些受了“以人为中心”的神哲学教育的“人”,只不过是耶稣所说:“因为有些阉人,从母胎生来就是这样,有些阉人,是被人阉的;有些阉人,却是为了天国,而自阉的。能领悟的,就领悟吧!”(玛19:12)中的“被人阉的”,心里没有天主,却要承受煎熬,怎么能行,小孩子能当成年人抗重担吗?

王公明 发表于 2012-8-24 17:25:16

dominus 发表于 2012-8-24 16:01 static/image/common/back.gif
王公明带着敌视神学,高扬圣经的态度研读资料,自然会从那些模棱两可的字句中“推测”出符合他自己心态的 ...

我好像没有解释圣经,只是把圣经拿出来与大家分享,我估计圣经对你的催眠一定有作用,不信可以试试,在睡不着的时候试试,或许灵验。信奉多玛斯神学的能读懂圣经,不容易啊!
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